Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer that primarily affects the lining of the lungs (pleural mesothelioma) or abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma). The leading cause is well-known: asbestos exposure. But is it the only cause?
Emerging research and case studies have revealed that other factors may also contribute to the development of mesothelioma, especially in individuals with no known history of asbestos exposure. While these alternative causes are far less common, understanding them is important for diagnosis, prevention, and legal as well as medical clarity.
1. Erionite and Other Natural Mineral Fibers
What Is Erionite?
Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral similar in structure to asbestos. It’s found in certain volcanic ash deposits, particularly in parts of Turkey, the western United States (e.g., North Dakota, Nevada), and New Zealand.
Health Risk
In some Turkish villages, studies have shown extremely high rates of mesothelioma, believed to be caused by environmental exposure to erionite in building materials and dust. It is considered even more carcinogenic than asbestos in some cases.
2. Radiation Exposure
Sources of Radiation
Therapeutic radiation used to treat other cancers (especially chest or abdominal radiation)
Environmental or occupational exposure to radioactive materials
Link to Mesothelioma
There have been documented cases of mesothelioma in people who received radiation treatments, particularly for Hodgkin's lymphoma or breast cancer. The latency period is long (often 20–30 years), making it hard to link directly, but radiation is considered a contributing factor in some non-asbestos mesothelioma cases.
3. Simian Virus 40 (SV40)
What Is SV40?
SV40 is a virus that contaminated some polio vaccines in the 1950s and 60s. It was present in vaccines given to millions of people, especially in the U.S. and parts of Europe.
Controversial Connection
Some studies have suggested that SV40 can interfere with tumor-suppressor genes in human cells, possibly contributing to mesothelioma development. However, the evidence is mixed, and this link remains controversial and not widely accepted as a confirmed cause.
4. Genetic Predisposition
The Role of Genetics
Not everyone exposed to asbestos or mineral fibers develops mesothelioma. This points to a possible genetic susceptibility in some individuals.
BAP1 Gene Mutation
A mutation in the BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1) gene has been linked to a higher risk of mesothelioma and other cancers. People with inherited BAP1 mutations may:
- Develop mesothelioma with minimal or no asbestos exposure
- Be more sensitive to environmental carcinogens
- Pass the mutation to children (hereditary cancer syndrome)
5. Chronic Inflammation or Injury to Mesothelial Tissue
Repeated injury or inflammation of the mesothelial lining (from infections, prior surgeries, or long-term peritoneal dialysis) has been considered a potential non-asbestos pathway to mesothelioma.
While evidence here is less robust, chronic irritation is a known factor in cancer development more broadly and may play a supporting role.
6. Carbon Nanotubes (Experimental Evidence)
What Are They?
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules being used in advanced materials, electronics, and nanotechnology.
Mesothelioma Risk?
In lab animals, certain types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes have caused mesothelioma-like diseases when introduced into the pleura (lung lining). These materials are not widely considered a risk in real-world human exposure yet, but ongoing research is monitoring their safety.
Conclusion: Asbestos Is the Primary Risk—But Not the Only One
Asbestos remains by far the most common and well-established cause of mesothelioma. However, other environmental, viral, genetic, and even man-made factors can contribute to or independently cause the disease in rare instances.
Understanding these lesser-known causes is essential for:
- Supporting patients who develop mesothelioma without clear asbestos exposure
- Advancing medical research and prevention
- Improving workplace and environmental safety beyond asbestos alone
If You’re Concerned:
- Talk to a doctor about any long-term occupational, environmental, or medical exposures.
- Genetic counseling and testing may be helpful if you have a family history of mesothelioma or BAP1-related cancers.
- Be cautious around dust from natural rock formations or unregulated materials in certain regions.
Awareness saves lives. Mesothelioma may be rare, but when we broaden our understanding of its causes, we improve early detection, research funding, and legal protections for those affected.
